In 2023, the international context was characterized by lower economic growth than in the previous year in an environment of higher global interest rates. Consumer inflation remained above its target despite declines in most of the world’s economies.

The impact of financial integration on financial stability is an intricate subject that has garnered extensive scholarly debate regarding its advantageous and deleterious dimensions. The crux of the discourse has…

Instant payments are credit transfers that make funds available in a payee’s account within seconds of a payment order being made, emulating the immediacy offered by cash.

Authors: Carlos Giraldo, Latin American Reserve Fund. – cgiraldo@flar.net Iader Giraldo, Latin…

Authors: Camilo Contreras – Senior economist – FLAR. Carlos Giraldo – Chief…

Carlos Giraldo , Iader Giraldo | The unprecedented global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has greatly challenged economies worldwide.

Sovereign risk is a critical element in understanding international capital flows. Investors carefully consider the default risk they face when making short- and long-term investments in a foreign country

Carlos Giraldo , Iader Giraldo , Jose E. Gomez-Gonzalez , Jorge M. Uribe

The world’s economies are currently experiencing heightened levels of uncertainty, with a notable contribution from the United States (US).

Carlos Giraldo, Iader Giraldo and Philip Turner

Oil prices have experienced large fluctuations over the past three years and remain high